1. The most basic taste is commonly referred to as bitter taste.
The taste of coffee in each country is somewhat different according to various tastes, and other tastes and scents felt in the mouth, including sour taste, are important in coffee evaluation, but the bitterness is almost basic.
Currently, coffee has become a plant that has spread widely around the world outside of Ethiopia. In addition, starting with varieties, the taste and aroma have been diversified according to the soil and climate of each place. The ingredient caffeine that brings the awakening effect of drinking coffee means "the ingredient in coffee." In Korea, simple and convenient instant coffee is often drunk, so "coffee" reminds me of instant coffee as well as coffee beans. In Japan, coffee beans are called regular coffee separately because of similar circumstances. On the other hand, in North America, 'coffee' means coffee beans. In Turkiye and Greece, instant coffee is called 'Nescafe'. In the United States, there is a common name for coffee called joe, and there is also an idiom called the cup of joe. In the era of prohibition, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels banned drinking on board and drank it under his nickname when coffee was the only drink left, which became famous and all coffee was called this.
Coffee seeds that resemble barley kernel are called beans, but what we call coffee when we look at the processing process is seeds, not beans, but actually fruits.
Coffee bean is an idiom. In fact, coffee is a must, but beans are different from beans. The same is true of the seeds of Byeoko-dong and cacao, a plant of the family Cacao, called "cacao beans." Honestly, coffee or beans are the same as seeds. It is not a big problem because it has been called that for so long in the first place and in the modern era when coffee culture has spread widely, people who are still people are seeds. The coffee beans are called coffee cherries, or coffee berries, and they resemble very small cherries or cherries. The shape of the fruit running is similar to that of a cherry. It can be eaten, but it tastes sweet and sour. However, it is similar in shape and has nothing to do with coffee, whether it is cherries, cherries or cherries. Coffee grows in tropical regions, but cherries are mainly harvested in colder regions than Korea, so the cultivation area is completely different. When you peel the pulp off the coffee cherry, coffee beans come out from the inside, and most of the pulp of the coffee cherry is just thrown away because only the coffee beans are collected. You can eat this and it doesn't taste bad, but it's more profitable to sell coffee beans as coffee, so it's hard to find coffee cherries in countries like Korea unless they are of origin. They also drink the pulp as a pot tea, which is called cascara. Winrar is a Spanish expression derived from cáscara, which refers to the outer shell of grains and fruits.
Contrary to the European idea of Ethan's food at first, the first region to eat and drink coffee beans is the highlands of Ethiopia, a Christian branch.
According to a story in Ethiopia, a young shepherd Kaldi, who was beating sheep on the Ethiopian plateau, was on his way to a good pasture one day when he saw a few sheep playing all night without sleeping and eating strange fruits, and found it to have an awakening effect. Meanwhile, in Ethiopia, Kaldis, a brand derived from Kaldi, the discoverer of coffee, is said to be a representative cafe. In Ethiopia, coffee was eaten and drank from around 500-1000 AD, but in fact, the early coffee was ground and roasted beans and spread on bread. It is said that there was also a way to lump coffee beans together with animal oil and use them as preserved foods to suit the eating habits of nomads. In the 9th and 10th centuries A.D., coffee was already known between Arabs and Persians, as Alazi left records of coffee beans, but at that time, the method of grinding coffee and drinking it as a beverage was not common, so it was known as a medicinal ingredient. As is well known, coffee is eaten by stir-frying beans and filtering water, and there is an interesting story about why these beans were fried. The shepherd above realized that it had an awakening effect after eating coffee beans, and sheep ate the beans to the monks of a nearby Ethiopian Orthodox monastery and ran around all night. So I tried it and it had an awakening effect, but the monks threw it into the fire out of fear that the fruit might belong to the devil. However, everyone fell in love with the scent and ended up stir-frying coffee. There are 124 species belonging to the wild- grown Coffea, but among them, Coffea arabica, which grows in Ethiopia, is the highest-rated variety in taste and aroma. Ethiopia still harvests and sells wild, semi-wild-grown coffee today. However, Arabica varieties were vulnerable to pests instead of good taste and aroma, which remained an obstacle to the rapid spread of coffee cultivation. Usually, crops such as fruits and grains tend to improve in size, taste, and aroma through variety improvement, but Arabica coffee has been improved in a way that improves pest resistance rather than changing size or taste.
2. Coffee spread around the world together as Islamic forces expanded.
It was during the Ottoman Empire that it spread to Europe in earnest.
First, it was introduced to Sufi in the 14th and 15th centuries in Yemen across the Red Sea from Ethiopia for the purpose of preventing sleepiness in the city of Zikr. And Mufti (Islamic law scholar) Jamal Adin Muhammad al-Zabhani, from Sufi of Aden, gave the part (legal interpretation) that Kahwa, that is, coffee is halal. This allowed coffee to become recognized and widespread in Yemen. At the end of the 15th century, coffee spread to Mecca, an Islamic holy place in northern Yemen, and was used for the purpose of escaping drowsiness during worship. However, coffee was not loved simply because of worship. The desert where they live is impossible to move due to the murderous heat during the day. So when nomads tried to migrate due to the lack of grass for cattle and sheep to eat, they had no choice but to stay quiet around the shade when the sun was up and move only after sunset. If the sun rises and is exposed to the desert all day after moving without a promise, even nomadic people who have adapted to the desert cannot withstand it. That's why astronomy has developed. It is important to find a destination accurately at night and secure shade to rest during the day, so you need to know the direction accurately for night movement, so astronomy has developed. Coffee, after all, is also for nomadic night shifts. I have to stay awake to move at night. For that reason, coffee was also an important survival food for Muslim nomads.
Naturally, by the 16th century, kahvehane, or coffeehouse, was built around the Muslim community.
In Islamic society, which bans alcohol, Khabbehane was used as a place for various opinions. Mecca's mayor inspector general, Kair Bay, has shut down Kahbehan and imposed a coffee ban, fearing it would become a meeting place for dissidents. Since then, he has asked the Sultan of Egypt, the lord, to ban the distribution of coffee, saying it can be a useful alternative drink in the Muslim world where alcohol is prohibited, and rather encouraged coffee, saying that awakening awakens reverence. Meanwhile, in Cairo, the capital of the Mamluk dynasty, around 1510, Kahbehaen was created around the Yemeni community. And Ottoman Sultan Selim I, who conquered Egypt in 1517, returned to Istanbul and brought coffee. However, since it was very far from its origin, coffee was a rare product and exclusive property of the upper class, and the supply and demand gradually increased after Yemen, the center of coffee, became the Ottoman Empire in the same year. Under Ottoman rule, coffee production in Yemen began to increase significantly in 1544, when authorities restricted the cultivation of existing major crop transfer narcotic plants and allocated the site to coffee tree cultivation useful for earning foreign currency. This allowed ordinary people in Istanbul to enjoy coffee from the mid-16th century. Among Yemen, coffee, which was mainly produced in Byte al-Pakif in the northern inland city of Javid, was distributed throughout the Islamic world through the ports of Mocha and Aden, which were Yemen's main ports. And the former name Mocha became a word with a lot of meanings related to coffee and was once synonymous with coffee.
Due to the nature of Islam, which has many restrictions on food such as alcohol and pork and other non-religious social activities, the spread of coffee has not always been smooth.
Beginning with the incident in Mecca in 1511, the coffee opposition attacked Kahbehan in Cairo in 1534, and conservative scholars in Istanbul criticized cafes and coffee. In Islam, self-judgment is made based on Hadith, a book of the Quran, and Muhammad's words and actions, but scholars had different views on the new culture that appeared after Muhammad's death. In particular, scholars who value Sunna, a tradition, saw coffee as vidia, or deviation, and criticized that it was like alcohol that affects the mind. In a word, the argument that "If there was a prophet, he would have refused." Nevertheless, by the end of the 16th century, papers such as "Defending the Legality of Coffee" were published, and as coffee became popular in the Islamic world, religious criticism eventually subsided. However, instead of the coffee itself, Kahbehan continued to suppress it, because it was a place of political maneuvering, just like the Mecca incident. Regardless of the political struggle, however, coffee culture spread throughout the Ottoman Empire, which dominated most of the Islamic world, centering on the common people. Originally, coffee was known in the Islamic world around the 9th and 10th centuries A.D. At that time, the Arabs and Persians called coffee Bunchum and used it as a medicinal ingredient. The problem was that Muslim medical scientists such as Alaji misunderstood that coffee reduces energy, and for this reason, the culture of making coffee a separate beverage became popular hundreds of years later. Without the Arabs' misguided common sense at the time that coffee reduces energy, the coffee-drinking culture might have expanded much faster.
3. It is often described as a country hanged by cars to the extent that Britain is often seen and wars are held after tea time.
In fact, there was a time when coffee swept the UK.
However, as coffee was distributed to the common people, the aristocrats turned to differentiate themselves. In addition, there is a theory that coffee was prohibited for women, and tea was introduced when women were angry at discrimination, so they drank tea, and as it gradually turned into an elegant hobby of the upper class, they risked their lives on tea. As coffee became known through Islamic forces, Christian Europe perceived coffee as a bad drink for pagans. It was recommended not to drink, denigrating pagan drinks, Islamic wine, devil's temptation], barbarian drinks, and black rotting water from evil trees, but those who once tasted coffee continued to fall in love. According to Yassa, in about 1600, Pope Clement VIII was also pressured by people around him to officially ban coffee. But after Pope Clement VIII tasted his own coffee, why did Satan's drink taste so good? This coffee is such a waste to let heathens drink it. He reportedly approved it by defeating opponents and officially blessing coffee. I don't know if it's real, but it's true that coffee has become popular in Europe since about this point. Coffee swept through Europe at once when the shackles were released. In 1616, Peter van den Bourke, a Dutch merchant, appeared in the port of Mocha, the home of coffee. He took coffee beans home and planted them as souvenirs, the first coffee tree to take root in Western Europe. This coffee became popular in the Netherlands, and the Dutch East India Company established a branch in Mocha. Coffee was first introduced in England in 1627 by William Harvey, an English anatomist who encountered coffee while studying at the University of Padua in Italy. In France, Biel de la Roque, a merchant of Marseille, brought coffee to the city in 1644, but it did not spread out of the city. Meanwhile, in 1635, the Rashid Dynasty of North Emmen drove out Ottoman forces and occupied Mocha, Aden, etc. to unify Yemen. This allowed European merchants to bring in coffee through direct trade with Yemen without going through the Ottoman Empire. This trade began in 1640 and became a regular export in 1663. Since then, in addition to the Dutch East India Company, the British Levant Company has joined, and Mocha has become known in Europe as the epitome of coffee.
Coffee houses in the UK were used as a place to exchange political opinions, and due to the influence of Islam, alcohol was not sold, which could lead to serious conversations.
In 1657, Britain later imported tea, a popular drink, but it was not very popular under the influence of coffee. And cocoa was also not popular because it was distributed through huge tariffs through Spain, the enemy of Britain. On the other hand, some people are opposed to coffee. The wives protested that the coffee house was holding their husbands, and King Charles II ordered the closure of the coffee house and withdrew it 10 days later due to the anger of the citizens. At that time, many people wanted to attend high-quality conversations besides those who wanted to drink coffee because they could enter the coffee house where political and academic discussions took place for only a penny. Stock consultations were held in coffee houses around the stock exchange in London, and the exchange itself became quiet when everyone was consulted at the coffee house. In the coffee house where traders gathered, brokers who tried to attract customers baited risk, and parties such as the Tories and the Whig Party also gathered supporters around the coffee house they selected. In the late 17th century, coffee houses, which were the hub of British civil society, gradually declined in England due to the distinction of prohibiting women's entry and the preoccupation of coffee by Dutch and French East India companies. The British East India Company secured a tea market instead of coffee, which was overheated in competition, and as the British government promoted tea consumption and imposed regulations on coffee, the coffee country gradually turned into a tea country. Meanwhile, in 1672, at the height of British coffee love, the first cafe opened by Armenian Pascal opened in Paris, seven years after Schliemann Ah's visit. Other than that, there were Candio, street coffee vendors. Parisians loved cafes, and the French-language cafe soon became an international coffee place. In 1686, the magnificent Baroque Cafe Prokov opened and was loved by the middle class. It was also the place where Enlightenment thinkers gathered together to hold an encyclopedia editing meeting. The cafe de la Rejangs, which opened the following year, was also famous. In the early 18th century, there were more than 300 cafes in Paris, with a population of 500,000 people, and in 1788, just before the French Revolution, there were 600,000 people and 1,800 cafes.
In a way, the French Revolution was also caused by the power of coffee.
Unlike salons, which are closed aristocrats' social culture, cafes were popular and open to ordinary people as well as intellectuals, so the bourgeois theories that met, discussed, and developed a sense of reform here led to the revolution. In particular, Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orleans, the owner of the aforementioned Cafe de la Rejangs, tried to freely exchange opinions among various thinkers by restricting police access. On 12 July 1789, the Camus de Moulin of the Jacobin Club addressed an armed uprising to the people at the Café de Poe in the Palace, Duke of Orleans' mansion. Two days later, citizens stormed the Bastille prison with weapons, and the French Revolution begins. In addition, Prussia in northern Germany was also popular after coffee was first introduced in 1670, unusually popular as a drink for women. As coffee imports were feared to leak the national treasury, Friedrich II imposed a coffee ban in 1777, but it was temporary, and Prussia became a coffee consumer comparable to France.
4. The six elements of coffee beans are sour, sweet, bitter, body, aroma, and flavor.
Aroma is the scent you smell with your nose before you put it in your mouth, and the flavor is the scent you feel in your mouth.
In the case of body texture, you can think of it as the thick level when it stays in your mouth. These six factors also vary depending on the soil and temperature of the coffee bean-producing area, precipitation, humidity, altitude above sea level, and roasting degree, but are largely divided into the largest categories: Robusta, Canepora, Arabica, and Rivera. Of course, if you dig further, it will be differentiated into all kinds of species such as Bourbon, Bourbon, Kauai, and Tippika. This derivation comes from Arabica species, which are usually detailed in taste. The area where coffee is produced worldwide is called the coffee zone or coffee belt between 25 in the south and 25 in the north, and generally, the higher the altitude, the higher the quality or a higher variety of coffee is produced. In areas below 600m above sea level, "Robusta" varieties used as instant coffee or industrial raw materials are produced, and in areas above 800m, high-quality "Arabica" varieties used for coffee beans are produced. It is said that the highlands of Ethiopia correspond to the highlands of these coffee belts, so Arabica varieties are cultivated. There is a perception that coffee is usually grown in warm temperatures, but it is actually grown in the cool shade. The production of coffee is the largest in Brazil regardless of variety, and the market price of coffee beans around the world fluctuates depending on the coffee crop in Brazil. Once in Brazil, when there was a bad year for coffee, Starbucks almost collapsed because it couldn't get coffee beans. In other words, the Brazilian economy fluctuated depending on the coffee market. Vietnam also cultivated coffee for export in large quantities as part of its reform and opening, but coffee prices plunged below 10% for 20 years, causing coffee farmers to stumble.
Since it is mainly grown in a plantation method, problems such as plantation crops, labor exploitation problems, and environmental destruction are the same for coffee.
In fact, the cultivation area is as wide as the consumption, but it is quiet because it is such a universal favorite food. Also, coffee is the second most popular liquid in the world after water. Alcohol and tea consumption are considerable, but alcohol is often banned for trade or religious reasons worldwide, so coffee is bound to lag behind in trade and consumption. In the case of tea, the trade volume is significant thanks to the consumption of the Chinese region, but statistics are made separately due to the subdivision of the type, so it is inevitably pushed back numerically. Coffee is classified according to the place of production and is often the standard for determining the flavor. However, depending on the production site, there are various variables such as whether it was washed with water, dry treatment, and finally roasting method, so it is recommended to use it to the extent expected and taste it without prejudice.